City 44

Nat O'Connor In its 2008 Index of Global Cities, Foreign Policy ranked Dublin 44 out of the top 60 'global' cities on the planet (specific article here, subscribers only). The world map and index diagram can be seen here.

The premise is that "The world's biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions." In this context, "The cities that host the biggest capital markets, elite universities, most diverse and well-educated populations, wealthiest multinationals, and most powerful international organizations are connected to the rest of the world like nowhere else."

I'm interested in the "engines of growth" idea and also in the changing role of cities and city-regions vis-à-vis nation states in the world economy. To add to Michael Taft's post on urgent priorities, a focus on the specific policy required to develop Dublin can possibly complement the generic approaches needed to boost the whole Irish economy. In this context, I think the Dublin Development Plan is important and likewise, an elected mayor for Dublin could have an important role in the long-term, if given sufficient powers.

To put the rank of 44th into context, Dublin is not even ranked in the largest 600 world cities in 2010 by http://www.citymayors.com/. Clearly, cities in China and India dominate the list, but a total of 43 EU cities are in the top 600 world's largest cities (Dublin is 49th in size, according to citymayor.com's data). However, in the Foreign Policy listing, Dublin is the 14th highest EU city. So it is worth digging into our ranking to see what 'good things' are helping us compete above our size.

The Global Cities Index ranks cities according to 24 metrics across five dimensions: business activity; human capital; information exchange; cultural experience; and global political engagement. The latter two measures go beyond economics and illustrate that other factors, like quality of life and engagement in world affairs, matter for success.

Dublin ranks (out of 60) as follows:
41st for business activity
39th for human capital
48th for information exchange
30th for cultural experience
48th for political engagement

The Foreign Policy article suggests that global cities can play different roles, depending on their strengths and weaknesses. As such, it is not just about Dublin being 'more global', but about finding a niche for Dublin among the cities of the world. And the choices made about Dublin's development will help or limit the econoimc opportunities the rest of Ireland can seek in the global economy. What follows is my guess on the kind of factors Dublin scored well on and some thoughts on how we might develop our strengths and weaknesses in order to support the development of the whole Irish economy.

Business activity (41/60): Foreign Policy defines business activity as the value of a city's capital markets, the number of Fortune Global 500 firms headquartered there, and the volume of the goods that pass through the city.

I guess the IFSC model positioned Ireland well in terms of business activity, with Dublin providing access to financial markets and the offices of many global firms. Obviously, the global financial system is in a mess. Moreover, TASC has highlighted that many of the tax avoidance aspects of the IFSC are unsustainable, if not counter-productive. Hence there is a need to ensure a sustainable and useful direction for the IFSC model. In the past, there was talk of converting the IFSC into a centre for global carbon credit trading. Professor Ray Kinsella (UCD) recently spoke at TASC's stimulus seminar about his long-standing ideas for an International Medical Service Centre, along a similar model, tapping the knowledge and interests of the pharmaceutical industries already investing here. I think the IFSC probably does need a new direction and/or a replacement as an engine for growth. That will require a broad consensus and  strong Government leadership to create something big that is also sustainable.

Human capital (39/60): This includes how well the city acts as a magnet for diverse groups of people and talent, the size of a city's immigrant population, the number of international schools, and the percentage of residents with university degrees.

In this context, emigration (including the exodus of recent EU imigrants) is not helping Ireland. As ever, people with degrees are also likely to be among the most mobile, which lowers the education profile of the remaining population. Initiatives like DCU's collaboration agreement with Indian universities shows an awareness of the global market, and last week's conference, Re-Inventing the University, is part of the conversation we need about how ideas fuel economic activity and provides some ideas for moving beyond the clichés about the 'knowledge economy' and formulating what role we want universities to play.

Information exchange (48/60): This is how well news and information is dispersed about and to the rest of the world. The number of international news bureaus, the amount of international news in the leading local papers, and the number of broadband subscribers.

This is one of Dublin's weaker rankings. Luckily they are only measuring broadband access in Dublin, not the rest of the country or it would be worse. Also, the fact that British media is readily available in Dublin may compensate for the relative weakness of national titles, and RTÉ, to covering global affairs. There is a valuable role the Irish media could take in cultivating a broader public interest in consuming news about the rest of the world. This could also put some of our economic problems and policy dilemmas into perspective, as well as provide an alternative English langugage analysis to the dominant voices in Anglo-American news reporting.

Cultural experience (30/60): The level of diverse attractions for international residents and travelers. That includes everything from how many major sporting events a city hosts to the number of performing arts venues it boasts.

Dublin's strongest rank was for cultural experience. In other words, Dublin is a relatively nice place to live. This illustrates the importance of culture in the economy. Cutbacks to sports and the arts - and even the visible deterioration of public space through closed shops and businesses - will impinge on future development opportunities. There is wisdom in the advice to paint the shop during a downturn; we should be looking at cost-neutral ways of making Dublin a great place to live, in lots of little ways, so that the next major international employer has more reasons to prefer Dublin to other cities in the EU. I think the city councils have been consciously doing this, with such things as DublinBikes, farmers' markets, festivals, etc. But cutbacks are likely to fall heavily on the staff who provide the 'soft' and intangible services at local authority level. There is a need to treat these things as part of Dublin's core offering, not as nice optional extras. This is one area where powers and budgets could be quickly transfered from central government to the elected Dublin mayor.
Political engagement (48/60): The degree to which a city influences global policymaking and dialogue. This was measured by examining the number of embassies and consulates, major think tanks, international organizations, sister city relationships, and political conferences a city hosts.

I imagine the new national conference centre has been identified as an asset for the international market, but overall this is a weaker area for Dublin. Ireland hosts many NGOs working in developing countries. As an example, this could be built on, positioning Dublin as a centre for expertise in development. Universities could be encouraged to supply appropriate degrees. Another example is that when Sweden closed its embassy there was concern in the news, possibly because of the fear that Dublin would lose out on positive externalities if a lot of EU countries closed their embassies here. It remains to be seen if the EU can function well enough to replace the need for each member-state to have representation in the other 26 countries. This would probably require a much larger EU office in Dublin to replace the embassies, but that could be something small countries like Ireland encourage the EU to develop.

Overall then, if the Dublin city-region is an engine for Ireland's future economic development, then perhaps looking at the characteristics of a successful global city can help shape policy in a more productive direction than deflation and bust. Dublin in 2008 had major competitive advantages compared to other EU cities. Now is the time to consolidate remaining advantages and build more of them.

A Progressive Plan for Dublin (and the Country)?

Nat O'Connor: Dublin City Council have launched the Draft Dublin City Development Plan 2011-2017 and are actively seeking "conversations with, and feedback from, citizens, thinkers, agencies and other stakeholders."

Many commentators have asked where is the Government's plan for economic recovery, jobs and sustainable development. In the absence of a national plan, the Dublin plan might be the nearest thing we've got. So, with the acknowledgement that not everything will be apt for those living and working outside of the greater Dublin area, I thought it was well worth asking whether the Dublin plan is progressive and a possible model for sustainable economic development nationally.

The plan's vision statement is premised with the following message:
"It would be folly to adopt projections from either the economic boom years or the recent downturn as the basis for a vision for the city. Instead, the city must, collectively through its citizens and civic leaders, develop a shared vision of what sort of city we aspire to, not in the six-year lifetime of a development plan, but over the next 25 to 30 years. It is only by developing a shared vision for Dublin that we can deliver the core strategies of each successive Development Plan as crucial stepping stones towards the long term vision. This Development Plan is not so much based on short-term forecasts, but on ‘backcasting’ from the 30-year vision. Without a vision which enjoys broad support, short-term, often competing interests will prevail, ultimately to the detriment of the city." You could insert Ireland for Dublin and country for city in the above, and you would have the kind of positive, forward-looking statement that has been missing on the national level.

The Vision for the City is:
"Within the next 25 to 30 years, Dublin will have an established international reputation as one of the most sustainable, dynamic and resourceful city regions in Europe. Dublin, through the shared vision of its citizens and civic leaders, will be a beautiful, compact city, with a
distinct character, a vibrant culture and a diverse, smart, green, innovation-based economy. It will be a socially inclusive city of urban neighbourhoods, all connected by an exemplary public transport, cycling and walking system and interwoven with a quality bio-diverse greenspace network. In short, the vision is for a capital city where people will seek to live, work and experience as matter of choice."

The plan covers six themes: Economic, Social, Cultural, Urban Form and Spatial, Movement, and Environmental.

Obviously, the plan in incomplete from a national perspective, as the city council cannot comment on health infrastructure, social welfare, criminal justice or many other policy areas. Nevertheless, the broad thrust of the plan is 'progressive economics', insofar as economic development is not just described in terms of 'growth' but it seen as built on sustainability and the provision of an attractive, well-run place where people would want to live and work, and which would both foster native creativity and attract highly-skilled mobile workers from around the globe. Those of you who are most interested in a strictly economic perspective might be interested in the proposals in Chapter 9 'Revitalising the City's Economy'.

The plan has long lists of policies and objectives; 313 policies and 214 objectives in total, across nine areas:
- Shaping the City
- Connecting and Sustaining the City's Infrastructure
- Greening the City
- Fostering Dublin’s Character and Culture
- Making Dublin the Heart of the Region
- Revitalising the City’s Economy
- Strengthening the City as the National Retail Destination
- Providing Quality Homes in a Compact City
- Creating Goods Neighbourhoods and Successful Communities
(For those interested in local government issues, the policies are also a useful list of the things that the council currently does.)

It is worth noting the verbs used in the plan, in order to get a feel for how aspirational it is. For example, a lage number of policies begin with verbs that indicate the city council's reliance on external actors (state or private): 85 policies begin with the verb "promote", 26 with "support", 12 with "encourage" and 10 with "facilitate". In contast, more active verbs are rarer. Only 20 policies begin with "ensure", 16 with "protect" and 8 with "require". The objectives have a more even balance between weak and strong verbs , with 10 "facilitate", 11 "support" and 13 "promote" versus 16 "implement", 10 "provide" and "6 ensure". This is only a crude analysis, but it is a reminder that this kind of plan requires a lot of public-private co-operation as well as joined-up-government.

I am particularly struck by the various means in which the city council is attracting feedback from Dubliners. The Irish Times reports that "the facilities at the Wood Quay Venue will allow the public to make video submissions on the plan or to use an interactive map to see how the plan will affect their neighbourhood". In addition, there is an online submissions form for comments and suggestion, and an online discussiuon forum for anyone who wants to discuss the plan in detail.

I am not going to start a critique of the plan right now. I really just wanted to open it up as a topic for discussion. If nothing else, I think it is good that they suggest "developing a shared vision" for the future. That's what all of Ireland needs right now.